Java is one of the popular programming languages first developed by James Gosling and other engineers at Sun Microsystems. First, it was developed to use in the distributed environment setup of the internets. Java language developed to run on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Macintosh. Java is an object-oriented language and works well with other languages too. Now Oracle has taken over the “Java '' Sun microsystems, so all the products of sun microsystem which come under Oracle license. In recent times, Java has become more than a language as time passes. It is also known as a “platform”, this is because it has its own runtime environment, has its own set of application programming interfaces, and distributed programs through RMI. Java is used to create executable contents and that can be distributed through networks. The name “JAVA” refers to the set of software tools to create and implement the executable contents using the Java programming language.
As I said earlier, java is a product of Sun Microsystems. The history of the java program starts with a green team of Sun Microsystems. The main aim to develop this program is to provide “simple, robust, platform-independent, portable, high performance, secured, object-oriented, and dynamic”. Now Java is used mainly in mobile devices, games, internet games, e-business solutions, and banking sectors. The following are the significant points of java history:
Versions details:
JDK beta -> 1995
JDK version 1.0 -> january 1996
JDK version 1.1 -> february 1997
J2SE version 1.2 -> december 1998
J2SE 1.3 -> may 2000
J2SE 1.4 -> february 2002
J2SE 5.0 -> september 2004
Java SE 6 -> december 2006
Java SE 7 -> july 2011
Java SE 8 LTS -> March 2014 (latest version).
Java offers many advanced features, in the below diagram you will get some idea;
In the future section, we will be explaining each feature in detail.
Java is a basic programming language for students and working professionals to become a successful software engineer when you are working in software companies. Here are some key advantages of the java programming language.
Now we are using Java SE (standard edition) 8.0, which offers java advancements, widespread popularity, and multiple configurations built on various platform types. For example J2EE for enterprise applications and J2ME for mobile applications.
The latest versions of J2 named Java SE, Java ME, and Java EE. Java is popularly called “Write once and run anywhere”.
Some of the important applications are;
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In this section, we are going to explain different environment setups of Java such as JDK, JRE, and JVM.
First, let me discuss JVM:
1. JVM (Java virtual machine):
Java virtual machine is a type of abstract machine. This one is called a virtual machine because you can’t see them physically. The java virtual machine offers a runtime environment where you can execute the java bytecode. With the help of the java virtual machine, you can also run the programs which are written in any other languages (You can take C and C++) and will be compiled to Java byte code.
You will get a Java virtual machine for both hardware and software platforms. Java virtual machine, Java runtime environment, and java development kit are platform dependent because each operating system is configured using multiple different platforms. One important point to be noted here, Java is platform-independent, and three notions of java virtual machine available such as specifications, instances, and implementations.
The main tasks of JVM are as follows;
2. Java runtime environment (JRE):
JRE means Java runtime environment and it is written as a Java RTE. Java runtime environment consists of software tools that are used to develop java applications. This is used to provide the runtime environment and also the implementation of Java virtual machine. This one physically exists. Java virtual machine also consists of a set of libraries and other files that JVM that uses.
The following diagram will explain the JVM activities which are released by other companies.
3. JDK or Java development kit:
JDK means java development kit. The java development kit is a type of software development environment tool kit, used to develop only java applications and java applets. This Java development kit physically exists. The JDK contains JRE and development tools.
JDK is an implementation of the given java platforms which are released by Oracle corporations;
The java development kit consists of a java virtual machine (JVM) and a few other resources such as an interpreter or loader (Only java codes), a compiler or (java c), an archiver or (jar), and a documentation generator (Javadoc) to complete the implementation of java application.
The main purpose of core java is to define specifications, implementations, and Runtime instances. The following diagram explains the JVM internal architecture; this consists of a class loader, execution engine, and memory as shown below:
Let me explain about components in brief:
The class loader is a fundamental component of JVM and acts as a subsystem that is used only for loading the class files. When you run the java program, first it will be loaded by the class loader. You can see three built-in class loaders in core java,
There are various internal class loaders available offered by JAVA. Suppose you want your own set of class loaders, you just need to extend the class loader class.
Here class or method area helps to store the per-class structures like runtime constant pools, the code used for methods, and fields or method data.
This is available in the form of a run time data area where you can allocate the objects.
Usually, core java stacks store data formats. This consists of local variables and partial results. The stack plays a vital part in the method invocation and returns. Here each thread consists of a private java virtual machine stack and creates the same thread multiple times.
The program counter register holds the address of the java virtual machine instructions which are being executed.
This component contains the native methods used for application development.
This execution engine consists of the following components:
Java native interface is a type of framework that offers an interface to communicate between any two applications which are written in any programming language like C, assembly programs, and C++. In general, the core java uses the native interface to send information to the console windows and interact with operating system libraries.
First, let me discuss Core java variables,
A variable is nothing but a container that holds the value during the execution of Java programs. The variables are assigned with data types. Variable is used to locate the memory. There are three types of core java variables such as local, instance, and static types.
Variable: A variable is a name given to a reserved area that allocates the memory. In short, you can refer to it as a name of a memory location. This is a combination of “vary + able” where value can be changed.
Types of variables:
Local variables are declared inside the body of the method. One important point, you can use the variable within that method and methods in the class even aware that the variables exist or not.
A local variable cannot be defined by using any “Static” keywords.
Instance variable can be declared inside the class library but it is visible outside the method body. It can’t be declared as a “Static”. The name was given “instance” because the value is instance-specific and not shared among many other instances.
Static variables are declared as static, and this cannot be declared as a local. Here you can create a single copy of the static variable and share them among other instance classes. Memory allocation of static variables happens when the class is loaded in the memory location.
Data types define the different sizes and values that can be stored in the data variables. There are two types of data types available:
Let me explain them one by one,
Primitive data types include Boolean, char, int, long, float, and double whereas non-primitive data types include classes, arrays, and interface.
Core java primitive data types are the fundamental building blocks of data manipulation. These are also considered as most basic data types of java language.
The following diagram explains the core java data types:
The examples for primitive data types are;
Non-primitive data types: These types of variables are mostly used in the writing of program codes. The examples are classes, arrays, and interfaces, etc.
First, we know the definition of Unicode, Unicode is a universal international standard character encoding that represents the words written in the user-defined programming language.
There are many languages used in Unicode;
The problems which you can deal with Unicode system:
To solve these types of problems a new language was developed using Core java, that is the Unicode system.
In the Unicode system, a character holds the 2 bytes, and core java also uses the 2 bytes for characters.
Lowest value: \u0000
Highest value: \ uffff
Core java operators are types of symbols and used to perform multiple operations. For instance, +, -, *, / etc.
There are many types of java operators available such as,
The core java unary operator requires only one or a single command. In general, unary operators are used to performing various operations like,
The java keywords are also called “Reverse words”. The keywords are a particular form of words that acts as a key to a code. These keywords are predefined words, which cannot be used as an object or variable name.
As I said earlier, Java is an object-oriented programming language. So we can assume that this program has the object-oriented feature, so core java supports the following concepts:
Now let’s know the definitions of classes and objects:
Objects: Objects consist of states and behaviors. For example, a dog- this consists of various states like color, breed, name, and behaviors, barking, and eating. One more definition, an object is an instance of a class.
Class: A class can be defined as a blueprint or templates that specify the behavior or state that object possesses the support type.
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We already know the definition, now it’s time to know the sample program;
Public class Dog {
String breed_type;
Int age;
String color_type;
…..
…..
}
The below are the three types of class variables available;
Conclusion:
I hope I have given full justice to this amazing programming tutorial. In this core java tutorial, we have tried to cover almost basic to advanced level concepts. This tutorial is best suited for those who are already known about computer programs and software programming languages. To get in-depth knowledge in this Core java tutorial, best practice of few java related basic programs. Learning only the theoretical part is not enough to get into top MNC; you should get some practical experience or hands-on experience through joining the online course for a better understanding.
Many people have these inquiries that In the event that you would ask a programming master They would state that one should dependably go for utilizing a programming dialect that is anything but difficult to utilize and straightforward in the meantime. Java is a standout amongst another programming dialect that depends on the idea of Objects. What's more, in this manner, it is otherwise called the Object-Oriented Programming Language. Likewise, there are a portion of the striking highlights that Java gives and subsequently, it makes software engineers to utilize it as a standout amongst the best and the productive programming dialect.
Java is a universally useful PC programming dialect that is simultaneous, class-based; protest situated, and explicitly intended to have as few execution conditions as could be allowed. It is proposed to give application designers a chance to compose once, run anyplace implying that accumulated Java code can keep running on all stages that help Java without the requirement for recompilation. For instance, you can compose and gather a Java program on UNIX and run it on Microsoft Windows, desktop computer, or UNIX machine with no adjustments to the source code. WORA is accomplished by assembling a Java program into a halfway dialect called byte code.
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When you assemble a Java program, first the whole program is checked by the Java translator and in the event that any grammatical structure errors are there, it is appeared to the client. When the grammatical structure mistakes are settled, the mediator will take your code and convert it to a byte code. This byte code is stage autonomous and it tends to be kept running on any stage on which the Java Virtual Machine is introduced. Byte code is stage free however JVM isn't. This is the thing that separates Java and some other dialect. Different dialects like C/C++ convert the source code to local machine code which is stage subordinate The JVM translates the byte code for the machine equipment with the goal that it can play out a Java program's directions.
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After mastering Java EE, the next step in your learning journey is to familiarize yourself with Exception Handling in Java. This crucial concept is essential to understand before diving into coding, as it equips you with the knowledge and skills to effectively resolve errors and exceptions that may arise while developing real-time Java applications. By learning how to handle exceptions, you can create more robust and reliable software.
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An open-source, cross-platform runtime environment called Node.js allows JavaScript code to be executed independently of a web browser. It enables programmers to create quick, scalable, and high-performance apps by using JavaScript on the server side.
Developers may simply install and use external libraries and modules with Node.js's package management (npm), which offers a robust collection of built-in modules. Because of this, it is simple to create advanced features with little new code and to reuse old code, which boosts productivity and speeds up development.
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Node.js allows developers to use JavaScript on the server side, which means that they can write both the front-end and back-end of an application using the same language. This can increase productivity and reduce development time.
It utilizes an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, which makes it efficient for building real-time, data-intensive applications that can manage a massive number of concurrent connections.
Node.js is used by a wide range of organizations and individuals across various industries. Examples of companies that use Node.js include PayPal, Netflix, Uber, and LinkedIn. They use it to handle millions of requests per day and real-time applications and build scalable and high-performance applications. Additionally, it's also popular among startups, small-medium businesses, and individual developers for building web applications, RESTful APIs, and command-line tools.
Node.js was created by Ryan Dahl in 2009. He was inspired by the lack of non-blocking I/O support in JavaScript and aimed to create a more efficient way to build real-time, data-intensive applications.
The first version of Node.js was released on May 27, 2009, and since then it has gone through several updates and releases. Some of the significant versions and their release dates are:
You will get an idea of how to set up the development environment to build Node.js applications. You can do it on Windows, Ubuntu, or Linux, and the following would be required:
Installing Node.js on Windows can be done in the following steps:
1.Download the latest version of Node.js for Windows from the official website (https://nodejs.org/en/download/). You can choose to download the LTS (Long-term Support) version or the current version, depending on your needs.
2.Run the downloaded installer file, and follow the prompts to complete the installation process. This process should take a few minutes.
3.Once the installation is complete, open the Command Prompt and type "node -v" to check the version of Node.js that you have installed.
4.To check whether Node.js has been installed successfully, you can run "node" in the Command Prompt, it will open up Node.js REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop) where you can execute JavaScript commands.
5.You can also use Node Package Manager (npm) to install and manage packages for your project. To check the npm version you can run the "npm -v" command in the Command Prompt.
6.You can also add the Node.js path to the system environment variables to access it from any directory.
1.Go to Node.js official website https://nodejs.org/en/download
2.To install Node.js on Ubuntu/Linux, you can use the following commands:
First, update the package manager by running:
sudo apt-get update
Next, install Node.js and npm (Node Package Manager) by running:
sudo apt-get install nodejs npm
Verify the installation by running:
nodejs -v
npm -v
Node.js architecture is based on an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model. It uses JavaScript as the programming language and the V8 JavaScript engine from Google Chrome to execute JavaScript code on the server side. Node.js uses a single-threaded event loop that handles all incoming requests and manages the execution of JavaScript code.
The event loop listens for events, such as incoming network connections, and triggers the appropriate event handlers. Node.js also has a built-in module system, allowing developers to organize and reuse code easily.
This architecture allows for the efficient handling of large numbers of simultaneous connections, making Node.js well-suited for real-time applications like chat, gaming, and streaming.
image
Node.js has three types of modules: Core Modules, Local Modules, and Third-Party Modules.
Core Modules: These are modules that are included with Node.js by default. Examples of core modules include the 'http' and 'fs' (file system) modules, which provide functionality for creating web servers and working with the file system.
Local Modules: These are modules created by the developer and are only accessible within the same application. Developers can create local modules by creating a new JavaScript file and using the module.exports and require() functions.
Third-Party Modules: These are modules that are created by other developers and are available through npm (Node Package Manager). Developers can use third-party modules by installing them via npm and importing them into their application using the require() function. Examples of popular third-party modules include 'Express' for web application development and 'Mongoose' for MongoDB database management.
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Now that we’ve understood so much about Node.js, let us have a look at some of its advantages.
In A Nutshell
To sum up, Node.js is a powerful and versatile JavaScript runtime that allows for efficient real-time web applications, easy scalability, and a single programming language for both client-side and server-side development, with large and active community support.
In Java, a "Build tool" is a wide umbrella term that alludes to whatever is expected to get a bit of programming set up, however it isn't required after that. Diverse programming networks have an abundance of various apparatuses: some utilization stalwarts like make, some utilization free assortments of .sh contents, some utilization XML-based devices like Maven or Ant, JSON-based devices like Grunt, or code-based devices like Gulp, Grunt or SBT.
Build tools are the apparatus programs that computerize the production of executable applications from source code. The building joins gathering, connecting, and bundling the code into a usable or executable structure. In little tasks, engineers will regularly physically summon the fabricating procedure. This isn't useful for bigger ventures, where it is exceptionally difficult to monitor what should be worked, in what grouping, and what conditions there are in the structure procedure. Utilizing a computerization device permits the manufacturing procedure to be progressively reliable.
The programming world develops devices to oversee and compose your assembles, and are significant in situations where there are numerous undertakings, particularly on the off chance that they are between associated. They serve to ensure that where different individuals are taking a shot at different tasks, they don't break anything. Also, to ensure that when you roll out your improvements, they don't break anything either.
Present-day build tools can go further in empowering work process handling by acquiring the source code developed by the developer. The task of the build tool os to send executables of the code that need to be tested, and in any event, improving the complex forms of source code utilization that is circulated by building the developed codes, which includes running the assemble procedure in an intelligible, synchronized way over a few machines.
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Maven is a tool that aids in project management. It is an advanced level cognizance device that gives software developers a total form of lifecycle system. Advancement group can mechanize the task's fabricate foundation in the blink of an eye as Maven utilizes a standard index design and a default manufacturing lifecycle. In the event of various improvement groups conditions, Maven can set-up the best approach to fill in according to guidelines in a brief timeframe. As the majority of the undertaking arrangements are straightforward and reusable, Maven makes the life of a developer simple while making reports, checks, assemblies, and testing automation arrangements.
Apache Maven is a foundation of Java improvement and the most utilized form of build tool for Java. Maven's smoothed out, XML-based arrangement model empowers engineers to quickly depict or get a handle on the blueprints of any Java-based undertaking, which makes the beginning and sharing of new projects in a snap. The Maven environment additionally underpins test-driven turn of events, long haul venture support, and its definitive design and a wide scope of modules make it a mainstream alternative for CI/CD. This article is a speedy prologue to Maven, including the Maven POM and registry structure, and orders for building your first Maven venture.
For the software project developers, a Maven is a great tool that helps to disentangle and normalize the project management phase. It handles gathering, dissemination, documentation, the group coordinated effort, and different assignments consistently. Maven architecture expands reusability and deals with the vast majority of the manufacture related assignments.
The essential objective for Maven is to aid the software developer in the accompanying tasks:
Maven’s project structure and substance are pronounced in an XML record, pom.xml, alluded to as Project Object Model (POM), which is the major unit of the whole Maven framework.
Maven Build Lifecycles
Each Maven build follows a predefined lifecycle. A developer can execute a few form lifecycle objectives, including the ones to incorporate the venture's code, make a bundle, and introduce the chronicle record in the nearby dependency repository that is available.
The following is a list of the most important lifecycle phases in a Maven environment:
The lifecycle phases in Maven (in addition to the next lifecycle stages not appeared here) are executed consecutively to finish the default lifecycle. The fact that a lifecycle phase is over, implies that when the default lifecycle is being used, Maven will initially approve the project, at that point it will attempt to accumulate the sources, run those against the tests, bundle the pairs (for example container), run mix tests against that bundle, check the combination tests, introduce the assured bundle to the local repository and lastly deploy the introduced bundle to a remote repository for security.
A Build Phase is Made Up of several Plugin Goals. Be that as it may, even though a form stage is liable for a particular advance in the assemble lifecycle, the way where it does those duties may change. Furthermore, this is finished by announcing the module objectives bound to those construct stages.
A module objective speaks to a particular undertaking (better than a form stage) which adds to the structure and overseeing of a venture. It might undoubtedly at least zero form stages. An objective not bound to any form stage could be executed outside of the assemble lifecycle by direct conjuring. The command for execution relies upon the request wherein the goal(s) and the fabricate phase(s) are conjured.
To successfully configure the Maven stage you have to utilize the Project Object Model, which is put away in a pom.xml-record. POM incorporates all the design settings identified with Maven. Modules can be designed and altered in the
Striking Features of Maven
The Apache Maven tool is based on the idea of POM files (Project Object Model). A POM record is an XML portrayal of undertaking assets like source code, test code, conditions (outer JARs utilized), and so forth. The POM contains references to these assets. The POM record ought to be situated in the root index of the undertaking it has a place with.
Here is an outline representing the way Maven utilizes the POM file, and what the POM file fundamentally contains:
These concepts are explained briefly below to give you an overview and then in more detail in their sections later in this tutorial. All the concepts that are illustrated in the image above are discussed below.
POM Files
At the point when you execute a Maven command, you give Maven a POM document to execute the orders on. Maven environment will at that point execute the order on the assets depicted in the POM.
Build Life Cycles, Phases and Goals
The assembling procedure in Maven is separated into building life cycles, stages, and objectives. A form life cycle comprises a succession of manufacturing stages, and each building stage comprises a grouping of objectives. At the point when you run Maven, you pass an order to Maven. This order is the name of a form life cycle, stage, or objective. On the off chance that an actual existence cycle is mentioned executed, all form stages in that life cycle are executed. If a form stage is mentioned executed, all form stages before it in the pre-characterized grouping of manufacture stages are executed as well.
Dependencies and Repositories
One of the primary objectives Maven executes is to check the conditions required by your undertaking. Conditions are outside JAR records (Java libraries) that your undertaking employments. If the conditions are not found in the neighborhood Maven archive, Maven downloads them from a focal Maven vault and places them in your nearby store. The nearby vault is only a registry on your PC's hard circle. You can determine where the neighborhood archive ought to be found on the off chance that you need to (I do). You can likewise indicate which remote vault to use for downloading conditions. This will be clarified in more detail later in this instructional exercise.
Build Plugins
In Maven the Build Plugins are utilized to embed additional objectives into a formative stage. If you have to play out a lot of activities for your undertaking which is not secured by the standard Maven manufacture stages and objectives, you can add a module to the POM record. Apache Maven has some standard modules you can utilize, and you can likewise execute your own in Java if you have to.
Build Profiles
The Build profiles are utilized on the off chance that you have to assemble your task in various manners. For example, you may need to manufacture your undertaking for your nearby PC, for improvement and test. What's more, you may need to construct it for arrangement on your creation condition. These two forms might be extraordinary. To empower various forms you can add distinctive form profiles to your POM records. When executing Maven you can advise which construct profile to utilize.
Working of Maven
In the same way as other extraordinary automation instruments, Maven takes on what was once an over-complicated endeavor and disentangles it to absorbable parts. Maven comprises of three segments:
Installing Maven
By now we know that Maven is a Java venture, so before you introduce it you'll have to have the JDK introduced in your improvement condition.
When you have your Java advancement condition arrangement, you can introduce Maven in only a couple of steps:
1.Download the most recent Maven discharge (Maven 3.6.3 as of this composition).
2.Extract the apache.maven .compress record to an advantageous spot.
3.Place that record on your way. For instance, on a Unix or Linux framework: send out PATH=$PATH:/home/expert/.
You should now approach the mvn order. Type mvn - v to ensure you've effectively introduced Maven.
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The repositories of Maven are catalogs of bundled JAR records with extra meta information. The meta-information is POM records depicting the undertakings each bundled JAR document has a place with, including what outer conditions each bundled JAR has. It is this meta-information that empowers Maven to download conditions of your conditions recursively until the entire tree of conditions is download and placed into your local server.
The repositories in Maven are canvassed in more detail in the Maven Introduction to Repositories, yet here is a snappy outline.
In Maven the developers can get the following three types of repositories:
Maven programs scan these stores for conditions in the above grouping. First in the nearby vault, at that point in the focal store, and third in remote archives whenever determined in the POM.
Given below is a diagram that shows the three repository types along with their location in Maven architecture
Local Repository
In Maven local repository is like a registry that gets created on the developer's PC. This store will contain all the conditions that Maven downloads. A similar Maven store is ordinarily utilized for a few unique undertakings. In this manner Maven just needs to download the conditions once, regardless of whether different activities rely upon them (for example Junit).
Your activities can likewise be manufactured and introduced in your nearby store, utilizing the mvn introduce order. That way your different activities can utilize the bundled JAR documents of your ventures as outside conditions by indicating them as outer conditions inside their Maven POM records.
As a matter of course Maven puts your neighborhood store inside your client home registry on your nearby PC. Be that as it may, you can change the area of the nearby storehouse by setting the catalog inside your Maven settings document.
Central Repository
The central repository in Maven is a store given by the Maven people group. Of course, Maven glances in this central repository for any conditions required yet not found in your nearby archive. Maven at that point downloads these conditions into your neighborhood vault. You need no exceptional design to get to the local store.
Remote Repository
In Maven the remote repository is an archive on a web server from which Maven can download conditions, much the same as the focal storehouse. A remote vault can be found anyplace on the web, or inside a nearby system.
The project managers and software developers frequently utilize the remote repository for facilitating projects' internal information to your association, which are shared by various activities. For example, a typical security task may be utilized over numerous inside ventures. This security undertaking ought not to be available to the outside world, and should consequently not be facilitated in people in general, focal Maven archive. Rather it tends to be facilitated in an inside remote vault.
The dependencies that are found in a remote store are likewise downloaded and placed into your nearby vault by Maven.
Better dependency management -
All the more impressive forms- Maven's default modules and life cycle permit an undertaking to perform basic form activities without contacting a form design record. For instance, without adding anything to a task's pom.xml, you can
Better troubleshooting - Maven archives permit an antique's source code to be distributed close by the curio's JAR. Incorporated Development Environments, for example, Maven permits designers to naturally download the source code, which lets debuggers drill into the source code and examine why the antiquity didn't act accurately.
Better joint effort - Maven storehouses permit an antiquity's Javadoc to be distributed close by the ancient rarity's JAR. Coordinated Development Environments, for example, Eclipse permit engineers to naturally download the Javadoc and see how to utilize the relic.
More componentized assembles - Maven makes it simple to recognize when a venture has a reliance on code outside its source control organizers. Engineers and supervisors the same favor little, componentized constructs since they permit code changes to be immediately tried and coordinated.
Diminished duplication of tasks- Maven ventures can utilize a task object model (POM) progressive system to decrease the duplication that ordinarily exists in Ant ventures. For instance, as opposed to having each venture make an Ant build.xml that deals with all the subtleties of arranging Sonar properties, such an arrangement can happen in a Maven parent POM that kid ventures acquire from.
Progressively predictable task structure - All Maven ventures have a typical structure, which makes it more clear each undertaking.
Maven is a general programming venture the executives, to get Maven clients acquainted with Maven activities, Maven characterizes a few shows or index designs.
Through that index, formats Maven is able to accomplish a uniform method to sort out projects and records that lie within it. This is an awesome methodology since you can take a shot at a few ventures and you generally will have a similar undertaking structure, so you will switch among tasks and you don't need to consume time to figure out how the venture is composed.
The main show over arrangement is Maven's envelope structure. With an unmistakable catalog format, each venture will look fundamentally the same as. Since the tasks look fundamentally the same as the manufacture will be additionally fundamentally the same as. The advantage is additionally, that different designers can without much of a stretch comprehend the construct too.
People who originate from make or ANT, will quite surely understand how complex such forms can get. What's more, that it is so difficult to gain proficiency with the ideas of every single form framework. Maven was the primary incredible methodology in Java to clean up the chaos in assemble frameworks.
At the highest point of the task root, there are pom.xml documents and any properties, maven.xml.
Moreover, there are text records for the client to peruse quickly on accepting the source: README.txt, LICENSE.txt, and so on.
There are two subdirectories of this structure: src and target.
The src index contains the entirety of the source material for building the venture, its site, etc.
It contains a subdirectory for each sort: principle for the fundamental form of ancient rarity, test for the unit test code and assets, site, etc.
Inside source indexes, principle and test, there is one registry for the language java, under which there is the typical bundle order, and one for assets.
The assets under are duplicated to the objective classpath.
If there are other contributing sources to the ancient rarity construct, they would be under different subdirectories: for instance, src/fundamental/antlr would contain Antlr sentence structure definition records.
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This is all we have in store for you today. In this Maven Tutorial, you have learned a lot of things such as the architecture of Maven, the benefits of using Maven, the striking features of Maven, the core concepts of Maven, and the directory structure of Maven.
In case we can help you to imbibe anything better, do let us know your query and we will get back to you. Until then keep reading and keep growing.
MVC is nothing but a model view controller that is available in the form of a design pattern. This framework is commonly used to design a user interface and this divides the related programming logic into three interconnected elements they are model, Controller, and View. The main purpose of using the MVC framework is to offer a fundamental piece of designing the framework for Desktop, Mobile, and also for web applications. The MVC model allows programmers to design the barrier to organize the codes that allow programmers to compartmentalize functional methods. MVC framework provides front-end and back-end for the database systems, the users, and many other data processing components.
The below architectural diagram explains the work nature and functionalities of the MVC framework. Let me explain it briefly.
MVC framework consists of mainly three components they are known as;
1. Model
2. View
3. Controller
MVC is also known as the Model view controller. This is a type of software pattern used to develop web applications. Let me explain these components one by one;
1. Model: this is the lower level pattern this is used for maintaining the data structures.
2. View: this type of component is used to display the data or any portion of the data mainly used by users.
3. Controller: this component consists of software codes. These codes are often used to control the interactions between the Model and View components.
As we already know that MVC is a popular tool and this isolates the application logic from the available user interface layer and also supports the separation of software concerns. The main function of the controller is to receive all the requests for the application developments and then it works with the model that prepares any data which are needed by the View component. The view then makes use of these data structures prepared by the controller component to create final presentable responses. The view is a script-based templates system available in the following programming languages like JSP, ASP, PHP, and also it is very easy to integrate with AJAX technologies.
Below are the important framework features provided by MVC technology:
1. POJO Forms and POJO Actions: This framework feature is an integral part of the technology. This is used to receive the data in the form of input with the help of the available POJO class.
2. Tag support: this feature is used to improve the form tags and new data tags. This feature also helps developers to write fewer program codes.
3. AJAX support: this feature has developed by Web 2.0 technologies and has integrated with AJAX support. These products are developed into products by creating AJAX tags and which are similar to standard Tags.
4. Easy Integration: This feature is used to integrate with any other framework in the form of spring, tiles, and site mesh.
5. Template Support: This template is used for generating different types of views using these templates.
6. Plugin Support: this feature is used to enhance and augmented by using various plugins.
7. Profiling: This profiling feature is used to debug and profile the application to integrate with the help of debugging tools.
8. Easy to modify tags: this type of feature is used to build the templates without using any programming languages like JSP, HTML, XML, and CSS knowledge.
9. Promote less configuration support: with the help of default values, you don’t have to perform any type of configuration.
10. View technology tools: MVC feature supports multiple view options like a free marker, velocity, and XSLT.
Below are the major advantages of using the MVC framework:
1. With the help of the MVC framework, complex applications are easy to manage and integrated with three divisions such as Model, View, and controller.
2. Offers a strong routing mechanism with the help of the front controller pattern.
3. Support more control over web application behavior with the elimination of view state and server-based application firms.
4. Offers better support for test-driven development or TDD.
5. MVC tools work well for development with large teams with large software development teams with multiple web application developers and also web designers.
6. Offers reusability of the model, as we know that the same MVC model can be used for different purposes.
7. MVC tool encourages well-defined interfaces.
8. Simplicity, Each MVC part is simple to use and very easy to understand, implement, and View.
MVC performs a complex page life cycle when it comes to other .NET platforms like windows applications have their own life cycle. One important thing is that all these technologies should process the pipeline leverage features and MVC is no different.
MVC comes up with two different life cycles:
1. The application life cycle
2. The request life cycle
1. The application life cycle:
This application life cycle refers to the time in which all the applications process starts running the IIS platform and this process continues until time stops it. This process will be marked by the application and end the events in the startup files of the given application.
2. The Request Life cycle:
This type of cycle represents the sequence of events, which will happen every time an HTTP request is handled by your own application.
Every point of application starts with routing, MVC platform consists of requests, this helps to find out how can we handle through the URL routing module. Modules in MVC component that can be hooked up into the multiple application life cycle management and also add the functionality. This routing module also responsible for matching any incoming URL to route any application.
The above figure explains the routing mechanism;
The main function of the MVC framework helps to converts the route data into a controller that can be used to handle requests. Once you have created the controller, next it comes to the execution part. These components are known as action invoker, this helps users to find and select the appropriate Actions. Once you finish the action result action next stage is to trigger the actions which are known as Trigger execution. MVC model declares the execution results and if your result type is View type then the View engine will be called and helps to find the views.
If the result type is not a View type, the actions will be executed on their own. This result event will be generated by original HTTP requests.
The below column explains the various versions of the MVC model:
MVC studio: visual studio: .NETframeworks: released date: features
1.MVC version 1.0: VS 2008: .net3.5: 13/03/2009: features included are: MVC architecture with web form engine, routing, HTML helpers, supports auto binding, and AJAX supports.
2. MVC version 2.0: VS 2008: .Net 3.5/4.0: 10/03/2010: features included are Area, Asynchronous controllers, modified HTML helper methods with lambda expressions, data annotations attribute, client side validation, custom templates, and scaffolding.
3. MVC version 3.0: VS 2010: .Net 4.0: 13/01/2011: features included are unobtrusive javascript validations, Razor view engine, global filters, remote validations, and dependency resolver for IoC and View bag.
4. MVC version 4.0: VS 2010 SP1: .net4.0/.net 4.5: 15/08/2012: features are, offers mobile project template, bundling and minification, and supports the AJAX windows SDK.
5. MVC version 5.0: VS 2013: .net 4.5: 17/10/2012: features included are authenticate filters, bootstrap supports, new scaffolding items and ASP.net identity.
6. MVC 5.2 current version: VS 2013: .net 4.5: 28/08/2014: features are offers attributes based routing, bug fixes and minor features update.
Now I am going to use MVC version 5.2 and Visual studio 2017 edition, .NET framework 4.6 to create our first MVC application:
The steps included are:
1. First you have to download the latest version of the visual studio from Visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads.
2. Now open the visual studio 2017-> select the file menu -> new -> project as shown in the below figure,
Now expand the Visual C# node -> select the web in the left panel -> choose ASP.NET web application (.NET framework) in the middle panel. Now you should enter the name of your project such as MyMVCApplication1. Here you can also change the location of MVC just by clicking on the Browse tab-> finally, click OK as shown below.
From the New ASP.NET web application dialog box -> select MVC as shown below;
User can also change the authentication by clicking on the Change Authentication button -> now you can select the appropriate authentication mode for the given application as shown in the below diagram:
Here we are keeping the authentication as a default one for our application which is no longer available for the authentication process. Now you have to wait for the sometimes to create your first simple MVC application by using default templates as shown below;
Now Click on the F5 button to run the project only in debug mode or you can also use ctrl + F5 to run your project without debugging the code. This will now open the home page in the Browser as shown below.
By default MVC 5 project consists of javascript and CSS files to bootstrap the application and you can also create the appropriate web pages. Then automatically the user interface will change the look and also modify the screen size of the devices. In the below figure, you will see how the top menu changes in the mobile device.
Now I am going to explain the folder structure available in the MVC visual studio:
The below figure will explain this;
Let’s explain these significances one by one;
1. App_data: This app_data consists of various application data files such as Local DB, .mdf files, XML files, and other data files. An IIS service in the database server never consists of the App_Data folder.
2. App_start: This App_start folder consists of several class files, and these files will be executed only when the application begins. Typically this folder consists of configuration files like AuthConfig.cs, BundleConfig.cs, FilterConfig.cs, RouteConfig.cs, and RouteConfig.cs etc. MVC version 5.0 includes the folders like BundleConfig.cs, FilterConfig.cs, and RouteConfig.cs files by default.
You can see them in the below figure;
3. Content: this content folder consists of static files like CSS files, Icon files, and images. The content folder may include the following files like bootstrap.css, bootstrap.min.css, and site.css, etc. by default.
4. Controller: This controller file consists of many class files. The controller handles the user request and returns the responses. Here all you need is to require the name of the controller and the name should end with the suffix “Controller”.
5. Fonts: this font file consists of custom font files for any application.
6. Folder: The folder in MVC contains model class files. This model class includes several Public properties and these properties will be used to hold and manipulate the application data.
7. Scripts: This script in the MVC folder includes files like Java Scripts or VB script files. MVC version 5 consists of JavaScript, JQuery 1.10, and modernizer.
8. Views:
This View folder holds HTML files for each controller. This View file is like a .cshtml file, here the user can write HTML and C# or Visual basics.NET codes. This View folder consists of a separate folder for each controller. For example, layout files.
Additionally MVC version 5 also consists of other configuration files:
1. Global. asax:
This is a type of configuration file; this allows users to write codes, these are used to run the program applications. They are Application_BeginRequest, application_start, application_error, session_start, and session_end, etc.
2. Packages. config:
This type of configuration file is managed by Nuget used to track any packages and versions that you have installed in the application.
3. Web. config:
This type of configuration file contains application-level configurations.
The main purpose of using Controller in MVC is to handle any incoming URL requests. The controller is a type of class, which is derived from the base class namely the system. web.MVC.controller. Generally, a controller method consists of various kinds of public methods known as “Actions”. Both these controllers and Action handle all the incoming requests, retrieve necessary data model information, and also return the appropriate responses.
How to add a controller:
I am going to explain step by step to know how to add a new controller in MVC application visual studio.
Here we are going to create StudentController class as shown below.
1. First go to the visual studio -> right click on the MVC controller method folder-> select add -> click on the Controller as shown below;
This opens the add scaffold folder like below:
This Add Scaffold dialog box contains various templates to generate a new controller. Now select the “MVC 5 Controller Empty” -> click add method. This will open the ADD controller check box, as shown in the below diagram.
Go to the Add controller check box -> give the name for the controller -> name should ends with Controller-> write StudentController -> now click Add button.
This will create the StudentController class, and index () method in StudentController.CS -> file the Controller folder as shown in the below program:
Using System; //method name default
Using System.Collections.Generic; //method name default
Using System.Linq; //default method
Using System.web ; //default method name
Using System.Web.MVC;
Namespace MVC_BasicTutorials.Controllers //given the controller name
{
Public class StudentController: Controller //this will get the student list
Public ActionResult Index ()
{
Return View ();
}
}
}
You can see this programming code in the routing section URL request http: //Localhost/ student or Http: //localhost/student/index handled by index () methods.
Action methods in MVC:
In this section you will be learning what is all the action methods will be used in MVC;
As I said earlier, all the public methods of the controller class are known as the “action” method. Below are the few rules which we should follow while working with MVC:
The following diagram illustrates the Action methods in the Controller class:
In the above figure, the Index () method is public, this returns the method “ActionResult” by using the “View ()” method. This will be defined in the “Controller” base class and which return the appropriate “ActionResult”.
Every Controller in MVC can have a default action method this is done as per the configuration route. By default “RouteConfig” class can be used here and also Index () method is a default method action.
MVC framework adds the various “Result” classes; this can be returned from the action methods in the controller. The “result” class represents various types of responses; they are HTML, FILE, Strings, JavaScript, and JSON, etc.
The below column explains the different types of Action results and responses:
Result class and it’s descriptions:
The following are the base controller methods can be used for these Result Classes;
VIEWRESULT controller method -> uses the VIEW ()
CONTENTRESULT -> CONTENT ()
FILEContentRESULT, FILEPATHRESULT, FILESTREAMRESULT -> FILE ()
JAVASCRIPTRESULT -> JAVASCRIPT ()
JSONRESULT -> JSON ()
REDIRECTRESULT -> REDIRECT ()
REDIRECToRouteRESULT -> REDIRECTTOROUTE ()
PartialVIEWRESULT -> PARTIALVIEW ()
Action Method Parameters:
Every action in the method can have multiple input parameters as shown in the below programming example;
[HTTP POST]
PUBLIC ActionResult EDIT (Student STD)
PUBLIC ActionResult EDIT (Student STD)
{
//now update to the student database
RETURN RedirectTOACTION (“INDEX”);
}
[HTTPDELETE]
PUBLIC ACTIONResult DELETE (INT id)
{
// this method deletes the student database
Returns REDIRECTTOACTION (“INDEX”);
}
ACTION Selectors:
Action selectors are attributes that can be applied to action methods. The main purpose of using an Action selector is to help the routing engine to select the action method to handle the request. MVC version 5 supports the following attributes such as;
Let me explain them one by one; first will start with Action name;
The below column explains the usage of HTTP method requests:
Razor is a type of View supported in the ASP.NET MVC framework. With the help of Razor, users can write a mix of HTML and server-side code such as C# or Visual basic. The syntax is as follows;
Visual basic syntax -> .vbhtml files extension
C# syntax -> .cshtml Files extension.
This Razor syntax has the following characteristics:
The following are the few conditional statements that will be used in MVC Framework uses the Razor Syntax.
Below are the few disadvantages of using MVC Architecture:
Best practices for using ASP.NET MVC:
1. Organize your code by creating a separate assembly for the model when dealing with large and complex code. This helps avoid any unwanted situations and keeps your codebase more maintainable.
2. The model should encompass various aspects such as business logic, session maintenance, validation, and data logic. By having these elements within the model, you ensure separation of concerns and make your code more modular and easier to test.
3. Views should not contain any business logic or session maintenance tasks. Instead, use ViewData to access data in the view. By separating these concerns, your views become more focused on presentation and are easier to understand and maintain.
4. Avoid performing business logic and data access operations in the controller. The controller's primary responsibility is to prepare and return a view, call the model, and redirect to actions. By adhering to this principle, you maintain a clear separation of concerns, resulting in more maintainable and testable code.
5. Remove any demonstration code or unnecessary elements from your application. For instance, delete the AccountController if it was created as part of a demo but isn't required for your specific application.
6. Utilize a specific view engine to create the HTML markup for your views. ASP.NET MVC supports multiple view engines, such as Razor and Web Forms. Stick to a single view engine to ensure consistency in your codebase and minimize any potential issues arising from mixing different view engines.
By following these best practices, you can develop ASP.NET MVC applications that are well-organized, maintainable, and scalable.
There have been several versions of ASP.NET MVC released over the years, each with its own set of features and improvements. Here are the different versions and their key features:
1. ASP.NET MVC 1 (released on March 13, 2009):
- Runs on .NET 3.5.
- Built using the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern architecture with the WebForm engine.
- Main features include Html & Unit Testing, Ajax Helpers, and Routing.
2. ASP.NET MVC 2 (released on March 10, 2010):
- Runs on .NET 3.5 and 4.0, compatible with Visual Studio 2008.
- Includes features like Templated Helpers, UI Helpers with automatic scaffolding, and customizable templates.
- Supports DataAnnotations Attributes for model validation on both client and server sides.
3. ASP.NET MVC 3 (released on January 13, 2011):
- Runs on .NET 4.0, compatible with Visual Studio 2010.
- Uses NuGet to deliver software and manage dependencies.
- Offers enhanced JavaScript support with jQuery Validation and JSON binding.
- Introduces the Razor view engine and improved DataAnnotations attributes for model validation.
4. ASP.NET MVC 4 (released in August 2012):
- Runs on .NET 4.0 and 4.5, compatible with Visual Studio 2010 and Visual Studio 2012.
- Enhancements to default project templates.
- Includes features like the Mobile project template using jQuery Mobile, task support for asynchronous controllers, and bundling/minification.
5. ASP.NET MVC 5 (released on October 17, 2013):
- Runs on .NET 4.5, 4.5.1, compatible with Visual Studio 2012 and Visual OneASP.NET.
- Supports attribute routing in MVC, providing more flexibility in defining routes.
Each version of ASP.NET MVC has brought significant improvements to the framework, offering developers new tools and functionalities to enhance their web applications.
ASP.NET MVC was developed by Microsoft as an alternative to ASP.NET WebForms, primarily to address performance concerns. While ASP.NET WebForms had gained popularity, it faced certain challenges in terms of performance. Microsoft recognized the need for a framework that could provide better performance and improved functionality.
One of the main issues with ASP.NET WebForms was response time, which affected the overall user experience. By developing ASP.NET MVC, Microsoft aimed to address this problem and provide a more efficient and responsive web development framework.
Another concern with ASP.NET WebForms was the difficulty in unit testing the code. Unit testing is crucial for ensuring the quality and reliability of an application. ASP.NET MVC was designed to overcome this problem by separating the application into distinct components, making it easier to test individual units of code.
Additionally, ASP.NET WebForms lacked flexibility in customizing HTML output. Developers often faced limitations when it came to creating a fully customized user interface. ASP.NET MVC was developed to provide greater HTML customization capabilities, allowing developers to have more control over the generated HTML and achieve better design flexibility.
Furthermore, ASP.NET WebForms had limitations regarding the reusability of the code-behind class. Reusing code is an essential aspect of web development, as it saves time and improves maintainability. ASP.NET MVC was designed to provide better reusability of code by following the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. This separation of concerns allows developers to write cleaner and more modular code, making it easier to reuse and maintain.
In summary, ASP.NET MVC was developed to address performance issues, improve unit testing capabilities, enhance HTML customization options, and enhance the reusability of code, ultimately providing a more efficient and flexible framework for web development.
ASP.Net MVC offers various features that promote code reusability and enhance the development process. One such feature is the use of Action Result classes, which expand the capabilities of the MVC framework. These Result classes enable developers to return different types of responses from action methods in the controller. For instance, the ViewResult class allows for the rendering of HTML views, while the ContentResult class facilitates the return of plain strings. Additionally, the framework provides the JavaScriptResult class for handling JavaScript responses and the JsonResult class for dealing with JSON data. By utilizing these Result classes, developers can reuse code by returning the appropriate class based on the desired response type.
Furthermore, ASP.Net MVC incorporates Action Selectors, which are attributes applied to action methods that aid the routing engine in selecting the appropriate method to handle a request. This feature enhances code reusability by allowing developers to specify different action names and handle different HTTP verbs for the same method. Such flexibility enables efficient and reusable code implementation.
Overall, ASP.Net MVC embraces a flexible and reusable framework for building web applications. By utilizing Action Result classes and Action Selectors, developers can effectively reuse code, reduce redundancy, and streamline the development process.
Conclusion :
In this tutorial, I have explained the MVC framework, versions, components, features, and creating your first MVC application. Learning this tutorial will help you to gain knowledge in MVC technology. To enhance your industry-oriented knowledge in this tool, you can take any online course and you will also get hands-on experience. We offer the best training in the current market and also our course contents are designed by the SME team. Our technical team also provides 24/7 online support for any course-related queries.
Spring Boot is a type of IDE tool, which is mainly used to develop spring applications. We can also call it an Eclipse-based development application environment. This spring boot also offers a ready-to-use development environment to implement to debug, deploy, run, and deploy an application. The spring boot tool also helps to validate any application and quick fixes the application if any error occurs. The spring boot application is developed by software pivotal teams and used to build any stand-alone, and production-ready tools.
More popularly spring tool is known as an open-source java framework mainly used to create microservice applications. The best IDE tools used in spring boot are Eclipse, NetBeans, IntelliJ IDEA, BlueJ, and J developer.
Below are the major key features of the spring boot application:
1. Spring boot offers stand-alone spring applications with negligible efforts.
2. No code generation and no requirement for Extendable markup language (XML) configuration.
3. Also provides automatic configuration by creating sensible defaults.
4. Spring boot provides starter dependencies and starter PMOs.
5. Helps user to structure code as you like
6. Supports Gradle and Maven
7. Offers common non-functional production ready features for many Real-time applications such as;
a. Security
b. Metrics
c. Health checks
d. externalized configurations.
The Spring Architecture will explain about components used, features, and also nature of the work. The below diagram explains the overall architectural design of spring boot;
Spring boot is a data module of the spring framework. This application tool is used to create stand-alone and production-grade Spring-based applications with minimum effort. Spring boot architecture is designed on the base of layered architecture where each layer in the spring communicates with the other.
The following are the different layers and classes present in the spring boot architecture.
1. Presentation layer
2. Business layer
3. Persistence layer
4. Database layer
Let me explain them one by one;
This presentation layer is used to handle the HTTP requests, translate the various JSON parameters to data objects, and also perform authenticates the requests, and transfer them to the business layer. This layer works as a ‘VIEW’ or frontend part.
The business layer used to handle business logic. This layer consists of several service classes and uses services offered by data access layers. This also performs activities like authorization and validation.
The persistence layer consists of all the storage logics and also translates the business objects from and to many database rows.
In this database layer user can able to work on methods like CRUD (create, retrieve, update, and delete) operations.
Below is the diagram which will explain the data flow in spring boot architecture;
1. This flow architecture consists of validator classes, utility classes, and view classes.
2. Spring boot architecture uses the modules like Spring MVC, and spring data, etc. This spring boot architecture is the same as the spring MVC architecture. Here no need to create classes like DAO and DAOImpl classes.
3. Creates the data access layers and perform methods like CRUD.
4. This helps the client to make use of the HTTP requests like PUT and GET.
5. Here the request first reaches the controller, and the control maps ask for the requests. These requests also call the service logic if required.
6. In the service layer, all the business logic performs actions. This also helps to mapping of the data with model classes.
7. Java server page is returned to the user if you are unable to find any errors.
Microservice is an architecture that allows software developers to develop and deploy services independently. Each micro service runs on its own process and helps to achieve the lightweight model to support many business applications.
These micro services offer the following advantages to the software developers:
1. Helps the developer to deploy the application easily.
2. Offers simple scalability and compatible with containers
3. Helps to achieve minimum configuration and time saving.
A spring Initializr is a web-based application tool developed by a pivotal software team. This type of spring initialzr helps developers to generate the spring boot project structure easily. This type of spring initilazr is used to create extensible API java-based projects. When you are working with metadata projects this initializr provides various options. This metadata model allows the developer to configure the list of dependencies that are supported by java virtual machine JVM and also various platform versions.
Spring Initializr consists of the following modules;
1. Initializr- actuator: this module provides additional information and various statistics on project generations. This is an optional module.
2. Initializr-boom: in this module, there are lots of classes available, such as BOM stands for the bill of materials. This BOM is also a special kind of POM used to control the various versions of the project.
3. Initiliazr-docs: this type of module offers documentation.
4. Initializr-generator: this is a core project generation library.
5. Initializr-generator-spring: this also offers core generation libraries.
6. Initializr-generator-test: this module offers a test infrastructure for any project generation.
7. Initializr-metadata: this module provides metadata infrastructure for various aspects of the software projects.
8. Initializr-service-example: This provides the custom instances.
9. Initializr-version-resolver: this is an optional module that is used to extract the number of project versions from any arbitrary POM.
10. Initializr-web: this offers the web endpoints for third party clients.
The below diagram is an example of spring initiliazr UI:
Before creating any project with spring initializr, a developer must be friendly with User Interface (UI). Below are a few UI labels:
1. Project: this project label defines the type of project. Here you can create either a Maven project or the Gradle project.
2. Language: Spring initializr supports various programming languages to work with, they are Java, Kotlin, and Groovy. By default, you will get Java language.
3. Spring Boot: Here you need to select the latest spring boot version. The latest version available is 2.2.2.
4. Project metadata: This metadata contains information related to any project, for example; Group or Artifact, etc. Here Group represents the package name, and Artifact represents the application name. The default group name available is com. Example and Artifact name would be Demo.
5. Dependencies: Dependencies are nothing but the collection of artifacts that you have to choose which one will be added to your project.
1. Name: it specifies the name of the artifact.
2. Description: in this field, you can write your own description of the project.
3. Package Name: This field is also similar to the group name.
4. Packaging: With the help of this field you have to choose the project packages. Here you have to select either Jar or War.
5. Java: here you can select the java virtual machine (JVM) version whichever you want to use. Now most commonly used java version is 8.0.
The spring boot command line interface or CLI is a command-line interface tool and this is used to run the Groovy scripts. This is now considered one of the easiest ways to generate a spring boot with the help of the spring boot command-line interface. Here developer can create, run, or test the spring boot applications in command prompt.
In this section, I am going to explain the steps involved in the manual installation of the spring boot command-line interface:
Firstly you need to use the following link
https://docs.spring.co/springboot/docs/current-SNAPSHOT/reference/htmlsingle/#getting-started-installing-spring boot.
Next, you need to download the spring command-line interface (CLI) distribution from the spring boot repository by using this link:
https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current-SNAPSHOT/reference/htmlsingle/#getting-started-manual-cli-installation.
To perform a manual installation, you need to below folders:
1. spring-boot-cli-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT-bin.zip
2. spring-boot-cli-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT-bin.tar.gz.
Once you finish the download, you must unpack the archive file and follow the below steps in the given install.txt file. Sometimes this doesn’t require any type of environment setup.
In the Windows platform, all you need to do is go to the spring boot CLI bin directory ->in the command prompt. Now run the prompt command using the spring –version to make sure the spring CLI is installed correctly. Once you finish executing this command, now you can see the spring boot CLI version as shown below;
Run Hello World using Groovy:
Create a simple groovy program file this contains the REST endpoint script and run this groovy file with the help of spring boot CLI. The below code explains this scenario:
@Controller
Class Example1
{
@RequestMapping (“/”)
@ResponseBody
Public String Hello ()
{
“HELLO Spring Boot”
}
}
Next step you have to save the groovy file with the name hello. groovy.
Note: In the above program example, we have saved the groovy file inside the spring boot command line interface CLI bin directory.
Now you have to run the application by using the command like spring run hello. groovy as shown in the below diagram.
Once you run the hello world groovy file, then the required dependencies will download automatically. This dependency will start the application in Tomcat 8080 port as shown in the below diagram;
Once the Tomcat starts, you need to go to the web browser by using URL
Spring boot application is used to convert the command line properties into spring boot environment setup properties. Command-line properties always work on the basis of property sources. Spring boot uses the port number 8080 to start the Tomcat application by default.
Properties files are used to keep the “n” number of command line properties in a single file. This type of single file is used to run the application in a different environmental setup.
Generally, in the spring boot, command-line properties are kept in the application. Properties file under the server classpath. This application. The properties file is located in the directory src/main/resources. The following code explains this property;
Server.port = 9090 // server port number
Spring.application.name = demoservice.
The spring boot application offers YAML based configuration property to run the application. Here instead of using the application. Properties, we can also use application.yml [YAML file]. This type of YAML file should be kept in the classpath.
We usually keep the properties under classpath files; we can also keep them in different location or path file. Once you run the JAR file, we can define the properties file path. The below command explains this;
-Dspring.config.location = C: \application.properties
I said earlier, the spring boot architecture framework does not contain any code layout to work with. But below are a few examples that will give a brief idea about code structure.
As we know that a class that does not hold any type of package declaration is now considered as a default package. Point to be noted here that in general, a default package declaration is not recommended while writing code. In spring boot, the default package may cause severe issues namely Auto configuration and Component scan.
Note: In java default package can be used as a naming convention to reverse any domain name.
The typical layout for the spring boot application is shown below image;
Here the application.java file will declare the main method with the help of @SpringbootApplication.
Code as follows:
@SpringBootApplication
Public class Application
{
Public static void main (string [] args)
{
springApplication.run (Application. Class, args);
}
}
Spring Boot- Actuator
Spring boot actuator offers secured endpoints to monitor and manage the spring boot applications. In the spring boot application environment, all the actuator endpoints are secured.
To enable any type of spring boot actuator to your spring boot application, all you need to do is that adding the spring boot starter actuator dependency to build the configuration files.
If you are maven user, you can add the below dependencies in your pom.xml file:
< groupId>org. springFramework.boot
spring-boot-starter-actuator
If you are a Gradle user, you can add the below dependencies to build your Gradle file;
Compile group: ‘org.springframework.boot’, name: ‘spring-boot-starter-actuator’
In the spring boot application property file, you must disable the security for actuator endpoints.
Management.security.enabled = false
If you are a YAML file, you can add the following property in the application .yml file.
Management:
Security:
Enabled: false
For Maven, you have to use the following command;
Once you successfully built the configuration file, then you are able to find the JAR file under the spring boot target directory. For the Gradle file, you have to use the below command;
gradle clean build
Now run the JAR files by using the below command:
JAVA –jar
The application has started on the TOMCAT 8080 port number. Some important spring boot actuator endpoints are listed below.
Endpoints and its usage:
/metrics : this is used to view the various applications metrics such as memory free, system update, threads, classes, and memory used etc.
/env : this is used to view the list of different environment variables used in spring boot applications.
/beans : this is used to view the spring beans application types, dependencies, and scopes.
/health: this is used to view the applications health.
/info : this is used to view all kinds of information about the spring boot application environment.
/trace : to view the list of traces related to your REST endpoints.
Here we are going to explain the installation process, developing a spring boot application using minikube, set up an application with the help of a one-node cluster, and deploy the application using configuration files.
Let me explain them one by one;
1. Installation of Minikube software:
This installation of minikube software consists of three major steps;
a. Installing hypervisor (same as the virtual box).
b. Command-line interface Kubectl.
c. set up spring boot application using Minikube
First, we will start by installing Minikube software by using the following syntax:
$> minikube start
$> minikube config set VM-driver Virtualbox
$> kubectl config use-context minikube
After this method, now we can verify the kubectl communicates with our cluster;
$> Kubectl cluster-info
The final output should look like this:
Kubernetes is running at this weblink HTTPS: //192.168.99.100.8443
If you want to debug and diagnose the cluster problems by using this method:
‘kubectl cluster-info dump’.
Finally, you can inspect the state of the cluster with the help of this command;
$> minikube dashboard
Deployment using spring boot imperative commands:
Here we are going to create a deployment for any backend application. Below are the important steps to be used while performing deployment:
Here we are going to use Kubectl by passing the required commands as arguments:
$> kubectl run demo-backend –image = demo-backend: latest \
---port = 8080 –image-pull-policy Never //this is tomcat port number
Here –port defines the deployment port number 8080 using the pods.
The flag –image-pull-policy defines how to pull the image from the minikube registry.
With the help of the below command, you can check whether the successfully done or not.
$> kubectl get deployments
The output looks like this:
Name DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
Demo-backend 1 1 1 1 19s
The pod ID will look like this;
$> kubectl get pods
$> kubectl logs
If you want to make the REST endpoint of your backend application, first you need to create a service;
$> kubectl expose deployment demo-backend --type = NodePort
Where –type = Nodeport specifies the service which is available from the outside cluster. This service will be available at
With the help of the below command, you can check whether you have successfully requested the incoming service or not
$> kubectl get services
The output looks like this:
Name Type CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL_IP PORT(s) AGE
Demo-backend Nodeport 10.106.11.133
11
Here, you can call your backend service for the first time with the help of the below command;
$> minikube service demo-backend
The above command will start your default browser, and opens the command prompt like
Cleaning up service and deployment:
By using these commands you can remove service and deployment:
$> kubectl delete service demo-backend
$> kubectl delete deployment demo-backend
In this section, we are going to explain spring boot security mechanisms and OAuth2 with JWT.
The authorization server is a popular architectural component for web-based Application programming interface (API) security. This type of Authorization server acts as a centralization authorization system that allows your applications and HTTP endpoints to identify the features of the applications.
The resource server is a type of application that offers the access token to the clients and enables them to access the resource server Hypertext transfer protocol or HTTP endpoints. This resource server is a collection of libraries, which contains resources like HTTP endpoint, Static resources, and Dynamic web pages.
OAuth2 is an authorization framework that enables your application of web security to access the resources from the end-clients. If you want to build an OAuth2 application, you must focus on the Grant type (authorization code), client ID, and Client Secret.
JWT token is a Java script object notation (JSON) web token, used to specify the secured claims between any two parties. If you are going to build an OAuth2 application that enables the use of Authorization server, Resource server, and tokens.
Here I am going to explain a few token files which are used to perform OAuthe2 authorization server;
1. Spring boot starter security: This type of token is used to implement spring security.
2. Spring Security OAUTH2: This token type is used to implement the OAUTH2 structure to enable the authorization server and resource server.
3. Spring Security JWT: this token file is used to generate the JWT token for web security systems.
4. Spring Boot starter JDBC: this type of token file is used to access the database to ensure that whether the user is available or not.
5. Spring Boot starter Web: this is used to write HTTP endpoints.
6. H2 Database: this token file stores the user information mainly used for authentication and authorization purpose.
In this section, I am going to explain the major differences between spring boot and Spring MVC:
a. Spring boot always tries to avoid the boiler plate and wraps different dependencies together within a single unit. For example spring boot starter web application.
b. spring boot methods and files are packaged as a jar with the embedded server by default.
c. helps to reduce the development time and increases productivity so that production ready application can be built quickly.
a. Spring MVC takes more time in productivity as each and every dependency is executed separately.
b. In spring MVC, a lot of configurations to be written to achieve this.
c. Time consumption is more when compared to Spring boot and error-prone dependency actions also done when the configuration between any two versions won’t match.
Following are the very important drawbacks of the spring boot framework application:
1. High learning curve needed when you decided to work with the spring boot framework.
2. Complex to implement if it’s a big project.
3. Tons of parallel mechanisms needed.
4. Lots of XML needed in spring boot.
5. Lack of guidelines.
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Conclusion:
In this blog, I have tried to explain the spring boot tutorial along with the definition, configuration, authorization, and code structure. From this tutorial, you will be able to learn the overall structure of the spring boot and its advantages. I can say that you will learn the only theoretical part, if you want to gain some hands-on experience; you need to take the online course. Our technical support team provides 24/7 online support for any course-related queries.
As a content writer at HKR trainings, I deliver content on various technologies. I hold my graduation degree in Information technology. I am passionate about helping people understand technology-related content through my easily digestible content. My writings include Data Science, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Python, Salesforce, Servicenow and etc.
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